Essay on Comparing Adam Smith and Karl Marx - 565 Words

Comparing Adam Smith and Karl Marx Smith and Marx agree upon the importance of capitalism as unleashing productive powers. Capitalism is born out of the division of labour... that is, it is made possible by dividing jobs up into simple tasks as a way of increasing efficiency. By increasing efficiency, then everyone can produce more than they personally need. The extra produced can go towards the accumulation of capital, (machines, more land, more tools, etc) which will allow for even more increased efficiency and production. Both thought that this increased production was great. But Marx said that capitalism was only one stage... that every country must go through capitalism, to get that increased production, but that capitalism is†¦show more content†¦Marx points out that the means of production are owned by only a small group of the population and most other people do not. These people who dont own the means of production (land, machinery, factories, tools, etc..) are called the proletariat and cannot sell their produce, only their labour-power... that is, they can sell hours of their time to other people. So the profits of their labour always go to those who hire them, and they are left with only a bare minimum wage. Smith and Marx both agree that capitalism requires ever expanding markets. Smith believes this is so because you cannot divide jobs down too much unless you have a large market. For example, city doctors, with their large population (market) can specialize while a country doctor must be a generalist. Unless the market continues to grow, jobs cannot be divided down further and large machines cannot be justified, thus production cannot continue to become more efficient. Marx, on the other hand, believes that you must have expanding markets because as you produce more you have more to sell (duh) and if you have more to sell you either have to have more people to sell it to or lower your prices in order to convince the same number of people to buy more. And the goal of course is to keep prices high. Smith says that the money that goes to paying wages comes from profits. ThereShow MoreRelatedAdam Smith Division Of Labour Summary1636 Words   |  7 PagesAdam Smith’s arguments on economic growth are heavily based on the concept of division of labour. The idea of division of labour relates to distinct specialization of the said labour force by breaking down one job into smaller components. Whereby one worker becomes an expert of their field, which is an isolated part of the production process. Throughout the 19th century, Victorian industries grew out of Maximum utilization of division of labour making it easy for employees to focus on their areaRead MoreAdam Smith And Karl Marx1674 Words   |  7 PagesI. Adam Smith and Karl Marx Contemporary economics are best explained by comparing two foundational thinkers that have contributed to the better understanding of liberalism, one being its proponent Adam Smith and the other being its most significant critic, Karl Marx. Both thinkers are profoundly important in locating and investigating the roots of neoliberalism as well as exploring alternatives ways to challenge neoliberal economics in the face of its post-cold war expansion as the inevitable andRead More Adam Smith v. Karl Marx Essay2236 Words   |  9 PagesAdam Smith v. Karl Marx Being reared in the typical capitalist community in the United States, it is much easier for me to relate to the thoughts of Adam Smith. This is not to say that I do not agree with some of the precepts of pure Communism, but like the old adage says, Communism looks good on paper, but in practice, it is completely ineffective. Historically, this form of government does not tend to succeed because of many factors. Some of these include basic economic differences, individualismRead MoreJohn Locke : The Father Of Classical Liberalism1790 Words   |  8 Pagescapitalistic economic relations. John Locke is often noted as the father of classical liberalism – of which other forms of liberalism came from – due to his influential works in favour of ideas that reflect what is now known as liberalism. Alongside Locke, Karl Marx is commonly thought of as an iconic proponent of socialism; another quite common political ideology. Socialism advocates social ownership and total democra cy for economic production alongside individual equity. Both ideologies have a system of uniqueRead MoreThe Battle of European Socialism vs. American Capitalism2286 Words   |  10 Pagescontinuation with the history lesson, Karl Marx (the first historian of Capitalism) wrote primarily about English Capitalism as the model for Capitalism. Try as you may, it is practically impossible to extract from his three-volume â€Å"Capital† a picture of the development of American Capitalism. That is simply due to the fact that Marx did not deal centrally with the United States. Mr. Weinberg gives an excellent explanation to how Marx defined free labor with Capitalism. â€Å"Marx identified free labor with CapitalismRead MoreAnimal Farm: Analysis â€Å"All Men Are Enemies. All Animals Are Comrades.†1657 Words   |  7 Pagesand Snow Ball. They excused this situation by mentioning that â€Å"all animals are equal, but some are more equal than others† Comparing this context to the Russian Revolution, we can understand that Mr Jones represent Tzar Nicholas II of Russia, who was a man who don ´t care about his people. Then, Napoleon represents Stalin; Snow ball, Trotsky, and Old Mayor represent Karl Marx, because he was the philosopher of the doctrine of the revolution. He believes in a communist society, with the concept ofRead MoreWhat Is Economic Freedom?1509 Words   |  7 Pagessocialism. The capitalism end of the pole was dominated by the common ideology shared by great philosophers and economists such as Adam Smith, John Stuart Mill, Ludwig van Mises, Friedrich A.Hayek, Milton Freedman and Murray Rothboard. Their version advocated an economic system based on free market and private property or what one might call economic freedom. Adam Smith being the pioneer of his economic system was acclaimed as the high priest of capitalism by many. The centerpiece of his work and viewsRead MoreA Comparison of the Economic Theories of Adam Smith and Karl Marx2203 Words   |  9 Pages There is perhaps not a more famous ongoing dialectic argument in the field of political economy than the one between Adam Smith and Karl Marx in regards to capitalism. The two thinkers, although coming to radically different conclusions about the outcomes of the capitalist system for all parties involved, agree on a surprising number of ideas such as labor being the source of commodities’ value, as well as the fact that the division of labor increases productivity. However, their different conceptionsRead MoreThe Paradox of Capitalism2320 Words   |  10 Pagesexploitation of the poor by the strong and powerful. For the ruling class, it symbolizes a system where opportunities abound for those who are devoted, innovative, and work hard. Karl Marx and Emile Durkheim, prominent social theorists studied the division of labour in a capitalist economy and both of their views have merit. Marx, well renowned German philosopher was one of the first incredibly influential social activ ists in history. He fear that we live in a materially determined economy has come toRead MoreRussia And The Steps Toward A Western Democracy1745 Words   |  7 Pagesgovernment control of everything from manufacturing, to the distribution of wealth, jobs, food and so forth. The communist ideology was greatly influenced by Karl Marx; a revolutionary communist who believed society functioned best when the governments intervened with markets (although the form of communism found in Russia was tweaked to what Karl Marx suggested) (Hauss, 2015). On the other side of the spectrum, Western nations like the US and Great Britain mainly believed that free markets, democratic

Case Study Engagement Strategy Essay - 1343 Words

Assignment 1: Engagement Strategy Joseph is a 70 year old Jewish-American gay male who wants to meet with me to discuss low income housing options for him and possibly his partner. My supervisor tells me that she is concerned that Joseph is in a violent relationship with his partner, Marcus, and wants me to assess how safe he feels living with Marcus at this time. Joseph appears very thin and has visible bruising on his forearms. Engagement Strategies Joseph is reaching out for assistance with low income housing options. He is not coming in for domestic violence. Because of this fact, it may be difficult to engage the patient on the matter due to the fact that he may be resistant to discussing it. Furthermore, individuals that experience violence are often isolated from family, friends, and social service that can provide support (Fullwood 2002). It is possible that Joseph is not aware of his situation or how bad it is. Many homosexual males are abused by their peers and family members due to their orientation in childhood (Harrison 1995). This may include teasing, taunting, mental and physical abuse. If this is the case for Joseph, he may normalize the abuse as something that is normal or â€Å"not as bad† as previous experiences. This could potentially cause him to rationalize and minimize his current situation to being something that is not an issue. Secondly, he may be resistant to allowin g help on the issue of domestic violence per his values as well as hisShow MoreRelatedWhy Do You Buy Your Brand? Essay1088 Words   |  5 PagesInstagram can be an effective social media platform for their brand? Even if many marketers want to leverage Instagram for their business, they lack a quick guide that has the tips to build a successful presence on Instagram. According to a McKinsey study, 75% luxury shoppers carry smartphones 86% brands among the Interbrand 100 have an Instagram account 45% of these shoppers’ purchase decisions are influenced by digital content A quick look at the above stats convey the fact that 50% of the salesRead MoreHow Online Brand Communication And Customer Engagement Influence A Consumer s Decision Purchase872 Words   |  4 PagesResearch Question: â€Å"How online brand communication and customer engagement influence a consumer’s decision purchase.† The marketing strategy of branding is not a new concept. A company’s brand is not a logo, or a tag line, but rather the relationship it has with its customer base, it is in essence not how a company defines itself – but how the public defines it. With every interaction and every customer touch point a business shapes its brand identity, and participants in this exchange are knownRead MoreThe Case for Change1270 Words   |  6 PagesThe Case for Change at Modern Appliances | Employee Engagement at Modern Appliances Inc. | The Case for Change | | In order to build an increased spectrum of customer service, an internal strategy to modify Modern Appliances’ employee engagement was needed. Within an employee centered culture, employees are utilized for their overall value input for increased exposure and profit. This case study will focus on the methods and strategy to redesign a business culture for change and improvementRead MoreHow Employees Define Understands, And Link Engagement At The Workplace983 Words   |  4 Pagesto be earnestly pursued by many. As a result, the Gallup Q12 expands the need for additional research based on their finding of employee engagement. The purpose of this descriptive qualitative research is to explore how employees define understands, and link engagement to productivity within the workplace. Without a well-defined rigor understanding of engagement, employees remain unfocused, disengaged, and unproductive during working hours. Moreland (2013) found that too many individuals pursue opportunitiesRead MoreBusiness For Social Responsibility ( Bsr )1278 Words   |  6 PagesCase Study 1: Stakeholder Mapping Introduction Business for Social Responsibility (BSR) is an international nonprofit organization that aims to â€Å"work with business to create a just and sustainable world† (BSR, 2014). To achieve this mission, BSR promotes collaboration and strategic planning in order to catalyze behavioral change (BSR, 2014). With a mission to drive social and environmental innovation, stakeholder analysis is a core competency at BSR. This organization has developed a five-step modelRead MoreHR and the Competiton for Talent Essay1574 Words   |  7 Pagesbut also scarce. War for talent, a term coined by Steven Hankin of McKinsey Company, refers to the competitive landscape of talent management of skilled and valuable employees. Talent management is defined as â€Å"the implementation of integrated strategies or systems designed to increase workplace productivity by developing improved processes for attracting, developing, retaining and utilizing people with the required skills and aptitude to meet c urrent and future business needs† (Lockwood, 2006)Read MoreIntroduction. The Question That Comes To Mind When I Think1637 Words   |  7 Pagesarticle, Your Teaching Strategy Matters, How Engagement Impacts in Health Information Literacy Instruction, (Johnson, H.A., Barrett, L.D., 2015), is a case study that compares two pedagogical methods, active learning and passive instruction, to see which is better in helping students to learn and achieve more. The researchers conducted the research by using two groups of high school students who attended instructional sessions to learn about consumer health resources and strategies to enhance their searchingRead MoreEffect Teaching Method for Calculus1117 Words   |  4 Pagesnotion in teaching that, because the instructor is the expert in the room, it his/her job to take the lead role in guiding students through the material. Instructors with this traditional view would argue that because students are novices, active engagement tech niques where students are â€Å"teaching† each other could only lead to an increase in confusion about the concepts. In addition to serving as the expert, most instructors also believe that their role is to meet their students’ expectations in theRead MoreKey Organisational Behaviour Issues Within The Business1627 Words   |  7 Pagesand employee engagement at an all time low. To combat the current state of affairs Mr Griffin, the new CEO, has been appointed and has initiated a new innovative empowerment campaign. The objective of this report will be to analyse a case study provided by Electra Products, with the aim to identify, discuss and provide recommendations of resolutions for one aspect of problem organisational behaviour and analyse the two most important communication issues evident within the case study. The organisationalRead MoreThe Composition Of Employee Engagement1710 Words   |  7 PagesProject Final Draft The composition of employee engagement with importance of employee engagement By Lin Dou Class: Managing People And Performance Student Number: S1438246 Project Tutor: Julie Wade Date: 12 April 2015 Word count: 2046 Introduction The organization is developing cannot without employee engagement, during the past decade, employee engagement have experienced the pressures of innovation, reform, become a mature system to use in company development. A succeed organization

Alcoholism And Its Effects Essay Example For Students

Alcoholism And Its Effects Essay Michael PattersonProf. GouldApril 4, 1999English 120Alcohol Affects Us AllWhen people hear the word drug, they usually think of an illegal substance such as cocaine, heroin, marijuana, or any other drug that can be found on the street. Most people never consider the fact that consuming alcohol can be just as harmful as illegal drugs, not only on the body, but on the mind and spirit as well (#1). If constantly abused, alcohol can be even worse for one than taking illegal drugs (#5) Irresponsible drinking can destroy a persons life as well as the lives of those around them. When people become both physically and psychologically addicted to alcohol, they become an alcoholic and suffer from a disease called alcoholism. One denotation of this term is a diseased condition of the system, brought about by the continued use of alcoholic liquors (Websters Dictionary, 37). Another definition of this term, given to me by my English professor, Janet Gould who is in fact, a recovering alcoholic, i s that alcoholism is a mental dependence and a physical allergy (#3). Alcoholism somehow affects us all through a parent, sibling, friend, or even personal encounters with a stranger. In fact alcoholics may become angry and argumentative, quiet and withdrawn, or depressed. They may also feel more anxious, sad, tense, and confused. They then seek relief by drinking more (Gitlow 175). Alcohol and Alcoholism is a big part in our society, which should be recognized and dealt with. In addition about 7% of all adults who consume alcohol in the United States today are considered alcoholics, or have suffered from some sort of drinking problem in their lives (Secretary of health viii). Although there is no indication of how the alcoholism of families members is linked through genetics, studies show that about 50 to 80 percent of all alcoholics have had a close relative that was an alcoholic (Caplan 266). Many times alcoholism starts during a persons high school and college years; however some teenagers and young adults frequently abuse alcohol and never think about the physical, mental, and emotional toll that alcohol can have on a persons life (#3). Alcoholism usually begins with social drinking then a person will find excuses to drink more often (Burgess 13). When alcohol is made more readily available to an individual, such as in a college environment, it increases the risk that person will drink excessively (Ewing 173) (#5). The chances of a person becoming an alcoholic are much higher for a person who drinks excessively and lower for a person who drinks moderately. Most alcoholics start out by building up a tolerance, causing them to drink higher amounts of alcohol to get the same effect; this tolerance is the starting point of an alcoholics dependence and causes many problems in an alcoholics life (#2). Alcohol begins to control the individuals life and causes their drinking habits to conflict with their best interests (Burgess 16). Personal relationships can be torn apart, jobs are frequently lost, and the health of a person deteriorates when an individual begins to rely on a drink to get by (Burgess 16). Sometimes a person may start to drink at every waking moment of the day because they cannot deal with the withdrawals of being sober (Burgess 16). Furthermore, alcohol can have many physical effects on a persons body; internal organs and systems can be severely damaged and even shut down when too much alcohol is consumed (#2). The prolonged use of large amounts of alcohol without an adequate diet may cause serious liver damage, such as cirrhosis of the liver (Secretary of health 47). It has been estimated that 10% of all alcoholic persons develop cirrhosis, a disease characterized by diffuse scarring of the liver (Secretary of health 47). The central nervous system can also be permanently damaged causing a person to possibly blackout, hallucinate, and experience tremors. The term blackout does not mean loss of consciousness, but is referred to as the lost hour with the intoxicated person remembering nothing the next day (Burgess 13). The withdrawal symptoms that a severe alcoholic can experience are sometimes compared to the same withdrawals as a heroin addict, yet people still do not consider

The Long Loneliness free essay sample

This paper reviews the autobiography The Long Loneliness by Dorothy Day dealing with her conversion to Catholicism. The paper reviews the book The Long Loneliness which is set during the Depression era. Dorothy Day desperately searches for some meaning and purpose to her life. This search results in her conversion to Catholicism. From then onwards, she devotes herself to community work, which is her way of staying in touch with God. Her autobiography, The Long Loneliness talks about the turmoil of her times, and her renewed faith in religion and God. The paper reflects on various experiences of Days life and the lessons she learns from them. Dorothy Day is and will always be remembered as one of the most prolific American writers of the Depression era. But Day was not exactly a writer, as one would conclude from the warm reviews that that her books received. She was essentially a social activist who wrote novels only to serve her life goals and objectives. We will write a custom essay sample on The Long Loneliness or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page

Military Budget Cuts essays

Military Budget Cuts essays According to USAtoday.com, President Obama is planning on cutting our military budget by close to a trillion dollars in the next decade. The new military strategy includes $487 billion in cuts and an additional $500 billion in cuts could be coming if Congress follows through on plans for deeper reductions. These cuts could cripple the military power that we have over the world. Cutting money from our ground forces, air forces, or naval forces will have grave effects on our national security. The United States has roughly 1.7 million ground troops, counting reserves, spread out in over 150 countries. We can have boots on the ground within a few hours notice in just about any country in the world. Budget cuts will cause the US military to become smaller, which means the US wont be able to resolve conflicts as quickly when they flare up. Depending on what source you check out, China has anywhere from 2.5 million to 7.5 million troops alone with up to 20 million that can be called for service. With numbers like these, the US cant afford to have a smaller ground force. Furthermore, Air Superiority is defined as that degree of dominance in the air battle of one force over another which permits the conduct of operations by the former and its related land, sea, air, and special operations forces at a given time and place without prohibitive interference by the opposing force. No country has won a war in the face of enemy air superiority, no major offensive has succeeded against an opponent who controlled the air, and no defense has sustained itself against an enemy who had air superiority. Conversely, no country has lost a war while it maintained air superiority. If money is cut from this, the ability to have air superiority diminishes. Additionally, there are over 12,000 miles of shoreline in the United States that the Navy has to patrol. That is a lot of places where enemies of the United States can come ash...

Compound Plurals

Compound Plurals Compound Plurals Compound Plurals By Maeve Maddox Most English nouns form their plurals by adding -s: boy/boys; house/houses. When the noun is compound, the question sometimes arises as to which word should get the plural ending. In regard to American usage, the Chicago Manual of Style recommends that writers consult Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary for â€Å"tricky† compounds like fathers-in-law, courts-martial, and chefs d’oeuvre, adding, â€Å"For those not listed, common sense can usually provide the answer.† I have a lot of respect for the Chicago Manual of Style, but recommending common sense to determine correct usage seems a bit optimistic. Compound nouns are of three kinds: open, closed, and hyphenated. Not all authorities agree as to which is which or where the plural goes. Open compounds are written as separate words: Grand Jury Knight Templar post office court martial free lunch The principal word in the compound takes the plural: Grand Juries Knights Templar post offices courts martial free lunches Note: According to the OED, court martials is incorrect; M-W gives courts martial as the first plural, but also accepts court martials. Most closed compounds form the plural at the end of the word: toothbrush / toothbrushes haircut / haircuts grasshopper / grasshoppers blackboard / blackboards bedroom / bedrooms BUT, passerby / passersby Like open compounds, hyphenated compound nouns pluralize the principal wordif there is one. The principal word will be a noun. Some compounds have more than one noun; others have none. When the compound has two nouns, common sense will have to tell you which one is the principal word. mother-in-law / mothers-in-law man-of-war / men-of-war merry-go-round / merry-go-rounds (no principal word) forget-me-not / forget-me-nots (no principal word) stand-in / stand-ins (no principal word) Some compounds are hyphenated in the Oxford English Dictionary and written as one word in Merriam-Webster: set-back (OED) setback (M-W) drop-out (OED) dropout (M-W) hold-up (OED) holdup (M-W) half-sister (OED) half sister (M-W) Some speakers have trouble with nouns that end in -ful, puzzling, for example, between cupfuls and cupsful. This is a case in which common sense should probably advise against consulting M-W. Although the M-W entries for cupful, handful, and armful list the plurals cupfuls, handfuls, and armfuls first, they give cupsful, handsful, and armsful as alternative spellings. In addition, the spelling handfull is in there as an â€Å"also.† My American spellchecker does not countenance any of these alternatives. Cupsful doesn’t cut it because compound nouns are made up of two or more words that can be used on their own. For example, the words in the compound policeman can be used separately: â€Å"The man called for the police.† The element ful in cupful is not a word; it’s a suffix. Common sense tells me that cupsful is incorrect. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:12 Greek Words You Should KnowHomonyms, Homophones, Homographs and HeteronymsI wish I were...

TRS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

TRS - Essay Example The story of Jonah is prophetic, the book of Jonah by itself is prophetic. Jonah was rescued from the belly of a large fish where he had stayed for three days until the fish spew him out. The New Testament illustrates the story of Jonah as symbolic to the death and resurrection of Christ. The sign was elaborated by Jesus in Matthew 12. As the greatest sign the world is given. The story of Jonah is therefore a testimony to the death and rising of Christ from the dead and that He conquered the grave and came out alive, the hope for which the early Christians lived for. The promise of God to Abraham was made to bless all the nations of the earth through the Seed of Abraham. Gal 3:15 indicates that the Seed was one and not many and that the Seed is the Son of God through who all nations will be saved from sin and reconciled to God by His death and resurrection. The Seed of Abraham was therefore a Chosen One and a Christ. The New Testament points out as well that the Christ was a son of Abraham. Gal 3:29 â€Å"if you belong to Christ, then you are Abrahams seed The gospels of Matthew and Luke begin the story of Jesus from His birth. The book of Matthew provides with the lineage of Jesus from the time of creation down to His birth as was among the Jewish people. Luke however begins his account with the events surrounding the birth of Jesus from the prophecy of John’s birth to Zechariah. The book of Mark accounts from the coming of John the Baptist. The three synoptic gospels are characterized by parables and speeches of Jesus along with the miracles and exorcism. The book of John on the other hand reflects discussions and reasoning where John himself imparts what he learnt to his audience. The book begins with the logos of the Word before creation and is characterized by involvement of the Holy Spirit directly (Kruse, 2004). Mathematical truth accounts for events using scientific evidence and experimental

Law And Contract Resit Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Law And Contract Resit - Case Study Example In this case four issues arise and these are noise and vibrations disturbing Pub's customer, Bloggs & Co Builders used the student car park to the jib of a crane, construction vehicles are constantly blocking the entrance of Public house owner and they work continues on site Saturday and Sunday mornings as a result the pub manager was disturbed.Winfield and Jolowicz defence private nuisance as an unlawful interference with a person's use or enjoyment of land, or some right over, or in connection, with it. This principle is neatly encapsulated in the words of Lord Wright in Sedleigh-Denfield v Callaghan1, where he said that a balance has to be maintained between the right of the occupier to do what he likes with his own and the right of his neighbour not to be interfered with. From it is implicit that as between neighbours, some measure of interference with the use and enjoyment of each other's land is permissible.The test is one of 'reasonable user' balancing the interest of defendan ts to use their land as legally permitted against the conflicting interest of claimants to have quite enjoyment of their land. It is a not a test of reasonable care. In Rapier v London Tramways Co2 held that it is no defence to prove that the defendant had taken all reasonable care to prevent the nuisance occurring. The Court will look at the result of defendant's conduct. In Cambridge Water v Eastern Counties Leather3, it was held that if the user is reasonable the defendant is not be liable for consequent to his neighbour's enjoyment of his land. In order to be able to sue for a Private nuisance, the claimant must have a proprietary interest in the land affected. In Malone v Laskey4 and Hunter v Canary Wharf Ltd5 it was held that landowners and tenants have right to bring an action but excludes mere licensee. So from the fact of the question it can be said pub owner and owners of public house and Birmingham City University may bring an action under private nuisance. But in question it is not clear whether pub manager was owner, tenant or license of the premises. However the location is an important factor. The locality in which the claimant's premises are situated is a second factor which assists the Courts in determining whether the interference complained of is sufficiently substantial to amount to a nuisance. The expectations of a claimant, in terms of comfort, peace and quiet, will naturally vary according to the location of his house or business. The point was succinctly made in Sturges v Bridgeman6, in which case a physician complained about the noise generated by a neighbouring confectioner who was operating a pestle and motor. Thesinger LJ stated that what would be a nuisance in Belgrave Square would not necessarily be so according to the area in which it occurs. The emission of smoke from a factory would not be considered a nuisance in an industrial estate, but would be likely to be found to be a nuisance in a largely residential area. In Gillingham BC v Medway (Chatham) Dock Co. Ltd7 held that a good example is the transformation of the London docklands from an industrial area to a now exclusive residential development. In this case it was held that planning permission which had been granted to change the use of an old naval dockward into commercial port should be taken into have effective a change in the character of the neighbourhood. The Court held that planning permission is not enough by itself to change the nature of the locality, although this may occur as a matter of fact due to investment in the area. The CA took the view in Wheeler v JJ Saunder Ltd8

ICT in Organisations Essay Example for Free

ICT in Organisations Essay 1: Introduction: What is EPOS? What is epos? Epos is a name for a till that operates in big organisation. EPOS systems are mainly used by businesses that have large numbers of regular sales like debenhams, EPOS stands for Electronic Point of Sale, is an electronic system that processes credit cards transactions so that the credit card has the right funds in it ,it is also Checkout tills that are connected to a computer with a bar code scanner that scans the products . The EPOS also provides full stock control; it also provides the tracking of refunding goods. It electronically receives and sends bar code information. How debenhams use epos is that it controls Product handling at point of sale, stock control, automatic reordering and rate of sale information and also is set up to retain a database of all customers volunteering their name/address/telephone number, for the purpose of mailing lists or other marketing database. EPOS can hold details on a maximum of 100,000 stock items. It Takes about 0.25 seconds per product to find its name /country / expiry date, With a 10,000 item stock file. The barcode can be read with a hand held scanner at the checkout .the scanner makes a light appears the reflects off the barcode. The white lines on a barcode reflect the light strongly while the black lines reflect less strongly. There are many differnet types of epos systems that have different makes and different types of size , proccesor , speed a Epos systems include the following features that are on EPOS systems that are in debenhams * Barcode entry sales * Discounts for staff customers * Stock search * Refunds to customers * Stock control * entry for credit card details * customers details * suppliers details * statements * invoices * make barcodes * stores details 2 : description of each of the components Input devices Input devices that are used at debenhams are à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Keyboard à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Mouse à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Scanner à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Barcode reader à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Sensors à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Magnetic stripe reader à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Touch screens Input devices are devices that can enter the computer, input devices can give access to information so that it can be stored or entered in the computer for processing or the act of storing goods or the state of being stored on a magnetic tape or a storage device that stores information. Input devices One input device that is on an epos system that is used in debenhams that I will be discussing in detail will be a keyboard. One of the most used input devices in debenhams is called a keyboard, it changes key presses into the computer code, say for example pressing the C key produces electrical signals which the computer uses to represent that letter. Computer uses a different code for each character on the keyboard. A key board is also A hardware device consisting of a number of mechanical buttons (keys) which the user presses to input characters to a computer. How keyboards input devices work is that When a key is pressed, it pushes down on a rubber dome sitting beneath the key. A conductive contact on the underside of the dome touches (and hence connects) a pair of conductive lines on the circuit below. This bridges between them and allows current to flow changing the signal strength. A scanning signal is worked by the chip along the pairs of lines to all the keys. When the signal in one pair becomes different, the chip generates a make code corresponding to the key connected to that pair of lines. The code generated is sent to the computer either via a keyboard cable or over a wireless connection. A chip inside the computer receives the signal bits and decodes them into the appropriate key press. The computer then decides what to do on the basis of the key pressed (e.g. display a character on the screen, or perform some action). There are many different types of keyboards that are used in a epos systems but one that is used at debenhams is called a QWERTY keyboards named after the first six alphabetic keys on the keyboard . Keyboards are especially useful for entering text and numbers. How a type of input device that is used in debenhams which is called a keyboard is used is that it helps the employees working at debenhams to find prices of products that loses it barcode or if they have a mistake in the receipt it can resolve the mistake and give them there money back or if they have to multiply a product more than once so that they dont have to carry it because if its to heavy . They input devices used as part of EPOS in debenhams There are many input devices that are used at debenhams for EPOS systems , one of them is a Bar code scanner its make is Symbol LS6000 , the second input devices that I will be talking about is a Magnetic stripe reader its make is NCR and also its a 3 track reader . Processor used The processor (also called Central Processing Unit, or CPU) is the part of the computer that actually works with the data and runs the programs. the processor is called the brain of the computer, It is a microchip which carries out all of the searching, sorting, selecting and calculating within the computer. Specification of the processor used at debenhams is that most common CPUs in PCs are Celeron Processors made by Intel , it has a fast speed measured in MHz and also it has a hardware that can get the computer up to scratch . .the processor is needed in debenhams epos systems because it helps debenhams to sort everything up to date and get everything sorted to scratch so that it can run like a functional company and also helps debenhams to calculate its shares so that they can know whither the have loses or profits . I think the processor helps debenhams get up to date for that debenhams can gain profits because they have a well fulfilling company that meets its processing needs. The processors used as part of an EPOS system in debenhams There are many processors used at debenhams for epos systems ,one of them is a Store server its make is NCR Worldmark 4455 and the processor type is Pentium Xeon and its processor speed is 500MHz and the size of the RAM is 500MHz. the second processor I will be talking about is the mainframe , its make is IBM ISeries model 840, its size is 3.1Tb, its processor type is 64 bit RISC #23FC , and its processor speed is 16,500 CPW batch 2,000 CPW Interactive . Output devices devices that are used at debenhams are * VDU * Printers * Monitor * Scanner * Hand held barcode scanners

George Washingtons Views on Slavery Essay -- Slavery Essays

George Washington's Views on Slavery In his writings, George Washington felt very strongly that slavery was an institution that needed to be eliminated from American society. However, there were several circumstances that arose following the American Revolution that would prevent Washington from actively pursuing the elimination of slavery during his lifetime. It is certainly plausible that George Washington's personal economic short-comings, forefront in the setting of conflicting political agendas and the nation's revolutionary climate, prevented this founding father from actively pursuing the nationwide emancipation of slaves. Prior and during the American Revolution, little was written by Washington on his feelings about slavery. In the last year of the war and thereafter, more attention was spent by Washington on the issue of slavery. On February 5, 1783, Washington received a letter from Marquis de Lafayette, whom Washington considered both a friend and a son, that stated, "Let us unite in purchasing a small estate, where we may try the experiment to free the negroes, and use them only as tenants. Such an example as yours might render it a general practice..." (Sparks v.3, p.547). It is doubtful that Lafayette would have proposed this idea unless he knew that Washington had strong views on seeing the elimination of slavery. Washington wrote back to Lafayette on April 5, "The scheme... to encourage the emancipation of the black people of this Country from that state of Bondage in which. they are held, is a striking evidence of the benevolence of your Heart. I shall be happy to join you is so laudable a work..." (Fitzpatrick v.26, p.300). Unfortunately, Washington was still in cha... ...nian in the late 18th century, Washington was truly enlightened on his views of slavery. It is unfortunate that more Southern Americans did not follow Washington's lead, for this issue of slavery would cost us many American lives in another sixty years, and would almost destroy the nation that George Washington had worked so hard at building. Works Cited Carroll, J.A., and M.W. Ashworth. George Washington: A Biography. Vol. 7. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1957. 7 vols. Fitzpatrick, John C., ed. The Writings of George Washington. 39 vols. Washington: United States Government Printing Office, 1933. Freeman, Douglass S. George Washington: A Biography. Vol. 6. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1955. 7 vols. Sparks, Jared. Correspondence of the American Revolution, Letters to Washington. 4 vols. Boston: Little, Brown, and Company, 1853.

Disney Case Essay

The Walt Disney Company, founded in 1923, has been revolutionary in the American animation industry with the debut of Mickey Mouse in Steamboat Willie to be the very first cartoon ever with synchronized sound. In 1954, the company expanded and developed its very own television program known as The Wonderful World of Disney. Later on in the decade, the company further expanded beyond film and television to open amusement parks featuring characters from their beloved film and television series. Since then the company has further grown, deriving revenue from entertainment assets and consumer products and foods aimed at children. In 2004, The Walt Disney Company found itself in the middle of a maelstrom, specifically regarding nutrition levels of their consumer foods. The company was subject to growing criticism from activists, parents and governments around the world who believed that packaged good manufactures, fast food companies and media outlets that advertised Disney products were contributing to the growing obesity epidemic. Disney Consumer Products (DCP), a division of The Walt Disney Company responsible for product development and marketing of Disney-branded merchandise has seen this controversy as an opportunity to reconsider their entire range of food products. Change is being implemented to transition the Disney brand from a large confectionery collection of foodinto one that offers a balanced nutritional diet. In regarding this issue, it is recommended Disney take an active approach and collaborate with their television channel in reaching out to children and teaching them the importance and advantages of healthy eating. As the Disney Channel garners a lot of views, this avenue will reach a wide amount of viewers and may be a positive influence with children. Another recommendation would be to maximize the leverage of the popularity of Disney characters by associating them with healthy eating. This would be similar to the idea of the Popeye character whose strength mainly comes from spinach. As well, it is also recommended that Disney employ a Healthy Food Campaign aimed at parents to establish credibility with them and the government to demonstrate that Disney is taking an active step to help reduce the obesity epidemic. Issue Statement In 2004, health experts have characterized childhood obesity in the United States as epidemic and Europe as not far behind. The dramatic increases in childhood obesity and growing concern from activists, parents and the government have caused The Walt Disney Company to consider the nutritional value of their food products. DCP managers have realized that the company needs to establish credibility with the U.S. government, parents and nutritionists, however, this is a significant challenge due to the company’s existing licensing deals with various candy and treat manufactures and long-standing role as a toy supplier for McDonald’s who is also under constant attack as a significant contributor to the obesity epidemic. Though nobody expects Disney to solve the problem of childhood obesity single handedly, it is expected from Disney to at least take initiative and use its brand strength to reach children. Situational Analysis SWOT The 4 P’s (Product, Price, Place and Promotion) Product: Disney has a great variety of products divided into 5 categories: main meal, side dish, snacks, drinks, and treats. In each category, there are a number of food products with 15% of all products can be classified as treats with the rest of the 85% falling in the other 4 categories. As well, Disney has placed an emphasis on the quality of the goods under the Disney brand. A conducted research shows that mothers appreciated the fact that the products offered under the Disney brand were of high quality. This emphasis on high quality standards has continually positioned the company as the preferred food distributor. Price: Though the retailers sell the products at the normal market price, there exists an extra cost of royalty charged by the company for the advertising effect. Disney wants to be affordable so measures have been taken to reduce costs. Place: Disney has marketed their products through supermarkets such as Wal-Mart, Albertsons, and Safeway. 3 distribution channels have been used: Licensing, sourcing and Direct-to-retail. These channels bring in large steady streams of revenue without much cost. Promotion: Many promotion strategies have been implemented by DCP such as the sticker promotion on various fruits, which have generated a lot of interest in young children. The 5 C’s (Company, Competitor, Collaborator, Context, Customer) Company – Disney, DCP Potential internal strengths:Potential internal weaknesses: -Corporation brand name has powerfully distinguished itself nationwide as one of the best in the entertainment business -Well-known brand name that has lead to high brand loyalty; synonymous with fun and magic -Disney has held the top spots for the world’s most valuable franchise characters. -DCP is the world’s largest licensor -Children are very well familiar with Disney characters-Licensing with McDonalds and various candy and treat manufacturers -Growing criticism from activists, parents and governments around the world about contribution to the growing obesity epidemic -Does not own their own manufacturing Competitor – Entertainment brands DisneyNickelodeonSesame workshopWarner bros. CharactersMickey Mouse, Winnie the Pooh, etc. SpongeBob, Dora the Explorer, etc. Elmo, Grover & Cookie MonsterHarry Potter, Looney Tunes CollaborationKroger, Safeway, Albertson’s, Wal-MartLicensing partnershipDel Monte FoodsReady Pac NetworkFilm & Television programNickelodeon channelSesame Street public television program —– Conceptâ€Å"Better for You†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Every fruit a kid would want to eat with Nickelodeon character† â€Å"Healthy Habits for Life†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Healthier Snack Alternative† & â€Å"The Original Kid Pleasin’, mom-lovin’ dippity delicious snack!†

Changing Policy and Practice related to Compulsory Education

Globalization is a construct that everyone utilizations but is a hard term to specify. In general, globalization refers to the tendency toward states fall ining together economically, through instruction, society and political relations. Sing themselves non merely through their national individuality but besides as portion of the universe as a whole. Within the educational sphere it is necessary to understand the effects globalization may hold in defining policy and pattern. The purpose of this essay is to analyze the impact of globalization on policy and pattern within Post-Compulsory Education and Training ( PCET ) concentrating on the womb-to-tomb acquisition subdivision within PCET. Initially the essay will concentrate on specifying globalization, one time this is established it will be possible to critically analyze its effects on PCET policy and pattern. The analysis will try to research illustrations of alteration both past and present in order to find to what degree they reflect an consequence of globalization. The essay will so travel to analyze womb-to-tomb larning within Higher Education ( HE ) in farther item. It is within this subdivision of PCET that globalization can be seen to act upon the antiphonal issues of the marketisation and the internationalization of HE coupled with the construct of a developing cognition economic system. This should supply the foundations for the aspiration of continued sweetening to the proviso of womb-to-tomb acquisition in the latter portion of the essay. During the probe it may be necessary to research other positions in order to find and explicate the spread outing influences of globalization within the particular domain of instruction.GlobalizationAs ab initio mentioned globalization is a complex issue to categorize. Globalisation is on a regular basis debated by bookmans as to what is really meant by the term. Globalisation is frequently presented as a late twentieth centaury, early twenty-first century economic phenomenon, stimulated by inventions in communicating and information engineerings. This combined with increased air travel by the multitudes and the turning laterality of English as the common linguistic communication of concern, political relations and scientific discipline ( Crystal, 1997 ) . The World Bank defined globalization as â€Å" the turning integrating of economic systems and societies around the universe † ( World Bank 2001 ) . However the Oxford English Dictionary defines globalization as â€Å" the procedure by which concerns or other administrations develop international influence or get down operating on an international graduated table. † ( Oxford English Dictionary 2010 ) Anthony Giddens ( 1990 ) has described globalization as ‘the intensification of world-wide societal dealingss which link distant vicinities in such a manner that local occurrences are shaped by events happening many stat mis off and frailty versa ‘ . The term can besides be used to depict the alterations in societies and the universe economic system that are the consequence of dramatically increased trade and cultural exchange. It is these alterations to society within the context of the economic system that can take to alterations with instruction ( Spring 2009 ) . Taking the above into history why would globalisation increase the demand for instruction? Chiefly sing economic sciences, the lifting final payments of a higher instruction in a planetary, scientific discipline based, knowledge focussed economic system makes university instruction more of a necessity to acquire â€Å" good † occupations. This in concurrence with socio-political demographics and democratic ideals have increased force per unit area on universities to supply chances for wider engagement to groups that traditionally have non attended university ( Castells & A ; Himanen 2002 ) . Sing Giddens description, globalization within instruction could be defined as world-wide treatments and processes impacting on local educational patterns and policies. Very small of these on the job patterns would stay inactive in this hypothesis as there would be a changeless altering dynamic as progressing engineerings and communications are integrated into course of studies doing them more economically competitory within the universe phase. This can be viewed with regard to HE establishments as they become intertwined on a planetary degree with pupil organic structures going progressively migratory in their hunt for cognition with the intent of advancing their personal societal and economical development. This leads to the construct of a cognition economic system.Knowledge EconomyA assortment of perceivers depict today ‘s planetary economic system as one in development to a cognition economic system. This knowledge-based economic system depends chiefly upon the usage of thoughts instead than physical aptitude and on the application of engineering instead than the transmutation of resources or the use of inexpensive labor ( Therborn 1995 ) . It is an economic system in which cognition is created, acquired, communicated, and used more efficaciously by persons, endeavors, administrations, and communities to advance economic and societal development ( Giddens 2006 ) . The rise of this cognition economic system has meant that economic experts have been challenged to look beyond labor and capital as the cardinal factors of production. Paul Romer ( 1995 ) ( cited in Holsapple 2003 ) argued that engineering, and the cognition on which it is based, has to be viewed as a major factor in taking economic systems. The Dearing study of 1997 stated that higher instruction should prolong a acquisition society in order to function the demands of an adaptable, sustainable, knowledge-based economic system at local, regional and national degrees ( Dearing 1997 ) . Fixing workers to vie in the cognition economic system requires a new attack to instruction and preparation in the signifier of womb-to-tomb acquisition. This womb-to-tomb acquisition model embraces larning throughout the full life rhythm, from early childhood to retirement. It should include formal, non-formal, and informal instruction and preparation. The deductions and possible hereafter of Lifelong Learning will be discussed subsequently in this essay. As the universe transforms through globalization, single cognition will besides necessitate to set. This will therefore originate the demand to modify the instruction provided to the person so that they can stay current and therefore a feasible trade good within the employment market. In order for the cognition economic system to develop further it requires the support of HE. This suggests a demand to associate HE to the demands of employers, developing HE-market interaction. This could allow orienting high degree accomplishments to the market but could besides jeopardize the ethos of instruction.Marketisation of Higher EducationEducation is really much immersed in planetary transmutations, with HE itself being altered by the cultural and economical facets of globalization. Peters, Marginson et Al ( 2008 ) argue that â€Å" Higher instruction is swept up in planetary marketisation. It trains the executives and technicians of planetary concerns † . Is this the instance within t he UK? With the diminution of the fabrication industry in the UK ( National Statistics Online 2010 ) this has given rise to the increased value placed upon the service sector, both in magnitude and profitableness ( Economic Outlook 2007 ) . This has led to increased trouble dividing the influence of markets from the societal and cultural facets of globalization in which instruction sits. This force per unit area to alter instruction from a public service to a tradable service is unusually compliant with the political orientation of the World Trade Organisation ( WTO ) General Agreement on Trade and Services in an effort to liberalize services within the planetary economic system sector ( cited in Robertson et al 2002 ) . This motion towards a tradable service could take to an change in the character of universities functions within society by altering them from being a Centre of larning into a concern orientated constitution ( Doring 2002 ) . This arguably may take to the displacement of the educational focal point off from an academic focal point, traveling towards a trade good focal point therefore leting the values of the commercial sector to be encoded into the Centre of the university system. Recent Government policy within the UK has encouraged the rapid growing of HE, in order to widen engagement with the purpose of making a more educated and marketable labour force. This growing has led to the inevitable competition between HE establishments with pupils viewed more as consumers than scholars. A position surmised by Willmott when he stated that pupils are openly viewed as clients ( Willmott 1995 ) . However, this rapid enlargement may be under menace given the latest authorities support cuts ( Barker 2010 ) but still the most prevailing mentality within HE is one of concern. Students view the chance to derive a grade, one time selected, as a right and a service for which they have paid for. Maringe and Gibbs ( 2009 ) further sign the issue when they stated â€Å" the thought of instruction and cognition for its ain interest – the intrinsic value of larning – is going subsidiary to the touchable benefits associated with prosecuting with higher instruction † . This leads to a demand for greater pick and a demand for a return on the pupil ‘s investing. This ideal is developed farther with the thought that a grade is a trade good that can, hopefully be exchanged for employment instead than an instruction that prepares a pupil for life ( Willmott 1995 ) . Smith ( 2002 ) argues that this construct of commodification of instruction has been happening for a figure of old ages. However he views the pupil as the trade good instead than the class of survey when he stated that pupils were altering their orientation to Higher Education â€Å" off from that of participants towards being consumers. † The issue for this essay is non what is viewed as a trade good it is instead that either is viewed as a trade good. The marketisation of the HE system, with the force per unit area to export the rational ware in order to keep fiscal support in a competitory market has lead to doing faculty members ‘ functions more complex. The consequence of this marketisation of instruction is likely more seeable in the illustration of the growing of international pupils. Higher instruction has become progressively international in the past decennary as more and more pupils choose to analyze abroad. The issues and environing this internationalization of instruction and the effects is the topic of the following subdivision.Internationalization of Higher EducationThe universe of higher instruction is altering and the universe in which higher instruction dramas such a important function in is besides transforming. Whether it is driven by the motion of skilled labor in a globalised economic system or the desire of the academic establishments to bring forth extra gross or even the demand to construct a more educated work force, the international dimension of higher instruction is going progressively of import, complex, and confounding. In order to go globally competitory universities are following an progressively international attack to the proviso of higher instruction. Internationalisation has become the motto of these present times in higher instruction. Knight ( 1994 ) defines internationalization as â€Å" the procedure of incorporating an international/ intercultural dimension into the instruction, research and service maps of the establishment † Altbach ( 2004 ) merely states that â€Å" internationalization is the procedure of establishments reacting to globalization † which implies that internationalization of instruction is the reply to globalization or at least a agency of capitalizing on the state of affairs. Is this a sudden phenomenon? Well non truly. For a figure of old ages pupils have traveled outside of their ain states in order to progress their higher instruction. High income states have provided grants and extra wagess to both instructors and pupils. Within the UK the entire figure of non-UK pupils for 2008/09 was 368,970, compared with 325,985 in 2007/08, an addition of 8 % . The strongest growing was in full-time taught graduate student programmes, up 17 % for non-UK pupils ( UK Council for International Student Affairs, Statistics on Higher Education ) . Coupled with this increased mobility of pupils universities have taken stairss to reexamine their plans and specific institutional schemes in order to ease the execution of an internationalised course of study ( Haigh, 2002 ) . In order for UK HE establishments to encompass internationalization they appear to concentrate on increasing pupil quotas by intentionally enrolling greater Numberss of international pupils. Other assorted activities are encouraged including diversifying bringing manners ; ‘internationalising ‘ course of study ; bettering the quality of the pupil experience and escalating international linkages and coaction. Besides the outgrowth of new types of suppliers such as international pools and for-profit universities in the instruction market organize portion of this dynamic image. However, as Harari ( 1992 ) stated in an article on internationalization, â€Å" holding many international pupils on a campus does non do that establishment international † Why is there such a thrust towards internationalization of instruction? With the rapid escalating demand for HE driven by an emerging planetary cognition economic system and the demand for instruction to prolong development with the intent of farther heightening planetary citizenship. This should ensue in a greater capacity of alumnuss with a high degree of cultural apprehension and perchance an enhanced perceptual experience of planetary and intercultural personal businesss, if Throsby ( 1998 ) is to be believed. Another issue with this rapid demand is that the domestic supply can transcend the capacity of many states taking to intense competition for topographic points within HE. Internationalization is non without its unfavorable judgments as increased pupil mobility can take to a encephalon drain from the state of pupil beginning and a encephalon addition for the receiving state. Recent World Bank publications progress the statement saying that encephalon circulation may be a more appropriate term than encephalon drain, adumbrating that this is what happens when HE pupils do non return to their state of beginning but other skilled workers emigrate from the having state ( Ozden and Schiff 2006 ) .Lifelong LearningAs alteration within the cognition economic system can be rapid, employers are unable to trust entirely on new alumnuss as a chief beginning of new accomplishments and cognition. This demand to keep a current labor force gave rise to adult instruction policies of the eightiess. However since the 1990s this term seemed to vanish and Lifelong Learning assumed prominence. The accent, as the name suggests, is that everyone should be able to larn through out their life span and that we need to go on the acquisition procedure in order to better people ‘s abilities and skill sets at that place by leting them to work more expeditiously in their several countries. Education and preparation establishments need to be able to fix workers for womb-to-tomb acquisition as it is important in enabling workers to increase societal capital therefore assisting to construct human capital, increasing economic growing and stimulating development. Lifelong acquisition is widely considered to be a transformational procedure, both for the person and for the wider community. For persons the battle with new larning can take to improved wellbeing, perchance taking to fresh personal success. For our society the acquisition can be cardinal in unlocking economic success and a agency to an fresh national individuality. Policies and Practices – The official desire to spread out acquisition can be traced back through educational policies, studies and white documents. The three foremost studies on HE and Lifelong Learning were Dearing, Kennedy and Fryer. Dearing Report – Higher Education in a Learning Society: This study set out a vision for 20 old ages of making â€Å" a society committed to larning throughout life. † ( Dearing Report 1997 ) . This was a committedness that would necessitate non merely persons to prosecute with, but besides the province, employers and suppliers of instruction throughout the UK. The chief purposes of the study were to do recommendations on the hereafter form, size and support of HE in order to run into the UK ‘s educational demands. It besides made recommendations in to widening engagement within HE. Kennedy Report – Learning Plants: This study prepared by the Committee on Widening Participation chaired by Baroness Kennedy set out a extremist vision to promote a return to instruction grownups who have few if any educational makings. The study contains some convincing testimony for the instance that â€Å" acquisition is the key to economic richness and societal coherence † ( Kennedy 1997 ) . This study besides makes recommendations on future support and widening engagement. The authorities responded to the study by saying they were committed to the constitution of a learning society in which all people have chances to win and that they were looking to increase entree to acquisition ( DfEE 1998 ) . Fryer Report – This study was compiled by Professor R.H Fryer and discussed similar subjects to those raised in the Kennedy Report of the same twelvemonth. The primary focal point was to show a deficiency of Lifelong Learning civilization observable within the British educational system at the clip of roll uping the study. Professor Fryer besides argued that the UK could non be considered a learning society as it possessed neither a Lifelong Learning nor a preparation civilization ( Fryer 1997 ) . These three major studies argued for the importance of a broadening of engagement and womb-to-tomb acquisition. This was to hold a bearing on a Green Paper by David Blunkett that placed greater accent on womb-to-tomb acquisition and requested that the educational system expand the acquisition age in order to see grownups as willing scholars and persons that were really in demand of farther instruction. This brought alterations to the national course of study in order to supply for grownup scholars ( Tight 1998 ) . Further responses from the Government were to denote a figure of schemes to convey greater Numberss into Further and Higher Education, a figure of 500,000 by 2002. Enterprises such as the University for Industry and Learning Accounts were designed to turn to skill lack issues by heightening womb-to-tomb acquisition chances and the acceptance of National Learning Targets was seen to show an official desire to spread out larning. Policies to help in accomplishing these marks included the basic accomplishments plan to better grownup literacy and numeracy and encouragement to employers to supply entree to more preparation within the workplace. Table 1 – Entire Part Time Students within the United Kingdom 2002 -2009 ( HESA 2010 ) Since these studies and policies were implemented there has been a steady rise in the figure of portion clip pupils within the United Kingdom, as shown in Table 1. The tabular array shows a combined growing of 68 % from 2002/3 academic twelvemonth until 2008/9 academic twelvemonth within portion clip pupil Numberss, a marked increased in popularity of portion clip survey. This would look to correlate with the rapid growing highlighted within the internationalization treatment earlier in this essay. Unite this with Numberss of international pupils lifting from 278,225 in the academic twelvemonth 2002/3 to 368,970 in academic twelvemonth 2008/9 ; a growing of 75 % ( HESA 2010 ) suggests that the commodification and marketisation of HE is demoing marks of success. The impact of globalization and the aspirations of Lifelong Learning are prevailing in the rhetoric of the studies and policies. Each one discusses the importance of Lifelong Learning as a contemplation of the realization that larning must be more active, more structured and long term. All the pieces must mesh if UK PLC is to stay competitory. The suppliers and donees, including society at big, must lift to the challenge of making and prolonging an environment which encourages and supports Lifelong Learning in order to guarantee economic prosperity now and in the hereafter. So what may be the future aspirations of Lifelong Learning? The purposes of Lifelong Learning UK set out in their 2008 -2011 Strategic Plan ( LLUK 2009 update ) include raising employer battle, demand and investing in accomplishments by offering free advice and literature for any one interested or involved in womb-to-tomb acquisition. In its 8th published paper the Inquiry into the Future of Lifelong Learning Commission articulated the demand for a wide principle for public and private investing in womb-to-tomb acquisition, but they besides stated that the UK, by international instruction criterions, has a really Lifelong Learning friendly environment ( IFLL 2009 ) . The Government ‘s 2009 White Paper titled â€Å" The Learning Revolution † recognised the profound importance of increased engagement and grownup acquisition. It besides discussed the benefits of farther larning assisting people to develop and perchance take to deriving farther makings. However all this was the rhetoric of the old authorities and was published prior to the General Election. The studies, policies and patterns reviewed for this essay seems to hold repeating subjects running though them, specifically the instance for increased larning peculiarly among less skilled grownups. But this seems to be tempered by puting the load on the person to make and fund, to a certain extent, the chance to larn. Some of the study recommendations attempt to undertake lacks in employer proviso. Employers should be encouraged to increase larning chances perchance by supplying entitlements to larning during working hours or possible entree to support for larning and larning installations being increased. This last suggestion does look less probably in the visible radiation of the disbursement reviews that are presently on traveling.DecisionThe purpose of this essay was to research the extent of impact globalization has had on the policies and pattern of HE, concentrating on womb-to-tomb acquisition. It is apparent that globalization has and is go oning to extensively consequence the planetary acquisition society and economic systems. This is peculiarly apparent in the enlargement of the cognition economic system with employers puting greater demands on persons to keep a current and flexible cognition base. In easing this continued larning the person must prosecute in virtually changeless accomplishment sweetening through acquisition. This in bend leads to a greater demand for womb-to-tomb acquisition from academic establishments and an increased enthusiasm for the acquisition throughout workers callings. This has led to the realization that the increased accent and hungriness for womb-to-tomb acquisition can be viewed as a consequence of globalization. Other cardinal countries such as the continued marketisation and internationalization of instruction have lead to seats of larning developing their educational merchandise or, as argued by Smith ( 2002 ) , the single scholar, as a salable trade good that entreaties to all possible pupils within the planetary small town. In order to analyze policies and pattern within Lifelong Learning it has been necessary to reexamine certain studies that were perceived as pivotal in the development of Lifelong Learning. This was necessary in order to understand the alterations taking topographic point within our ain society that have influenced the increased engagement in Lifelong Learning in order to keep a bridgehead within a knowledge-based economic system. If these countries were non explored so the enterprises that have sprung from recent authorities policies such as the aspiration for a â€Å" Learning Revolution † would non be realised. Lifelong acquisition is non merely a method but a civilization that needs to be embraced if continued professional development within UK PLC ‘s labour force is to prevail. HE has a positive function to play in set uping the cognition base during beginning of acquisition and moving as a supplier of farther larning chances such as distance and unfastened larning throughout an persons life-time. HE besides has a duty to widening engagement in acquisition, by luring nonchurchgoing scholars and those who may non hold engaged with larning earlier in their life-times back into the cognition civilization. Despite the positive rhetoric conveyed within the studies and Government white documents there still remains an component of incredulity about the ability to accomplish all that is pledged. Improved employer proviso and support with single support could stay a stumbling block in the journey to the realization of Lifelong Learning aspirations. As David Blunkett stated in the Government 1998 Green Paper â€Å" Learning is the key to prosperity – for each of us as persons, every bit good as for the state as a whole † So why should society merely experience accountable for educating the immature? Even with the increased force per unit areas of marketisation and internationalization the principal of instruction should concentrate on educating the immature in order to fix them to go on this acquisition procedure throughout their lives.

Mary Tyler Moore Show Feminism and Inspiration

Mary Tyler Moore Show Feminism and Inspiration The Mary Tyler Moore Show depicted a single career woman in Minneapolis who famously â€Å"made it on her own,† as described in the show’s opening theme song. The feminism of Mary Tyler Moore is seen both in specific moments as well as the overall premise and theme of an independent woman’s success. Fast Facts: Mary Tyler Moore Show Sitcom Title: The Mary Tyler Moore Show, aka Mary Tyler MooreYears Aired: 1970-1977Stars: Mary Tyler Moore, Ed Asner, Gavin MacLeod, Ted Knight, Valerie Harper, Cloris Leachman, Betty White, Georgia EngelFeminist Focus: A single woman in her 30s has a successful career and a fulfilling life. Starring Mary as...a Single Woman? One aspect of the feminism of Mary Tyler Moore is the central character. Mary Tyler Moore is Mary Richards, a single woman in her early 30s who moves to the big city and launches a television news career. It was a bold move for a sitcom’s main character to be a single woman, not just because of the many family oriented shows of the 1950s and 1960s, but because of the statement it made about a significant question of the Women’s Liberation Movement: why couldn’t a woman define her happiness and success by things other than husband and children? Single Woman Fictions The original premise of The Mary Tyler Moore Show called for Mary Richards to move to Minneapolis after a divorce. CBS executives resisted this idea. Mary Tyler Moore had starred in the well-regarded Dick Van Dyke Show during the 1960s as the wife of Dick Van Dyke’s character. There was concern that viewers would perceive Mary as having divorced Dick Van Dyke, because they were so popularly associated in the public’s mind, even though this was a new show with a new character in a new setting. This legendary story of The Mary Tyler Moore Show’s beginnings shows just how linked an actress could be to her male co-stars. However, the fact that Mary Richards was single and had never married worked out better for the show and may have made an even stronger feminist statement than if she were divorced. Taking Care of Herself The Mary Tyler Moore Show deals with Mary’s marriage or lack thereof in the first episode. In that debut, Mary Richards moves into her new apartment and begins her new job. She has recently ended a relationship with a man she helped financially support through medical school, only to then find him still not ready to get married. The ex visits her in Minneapolis, expecting her to fall happily back into his arms, even though he is revealed to be less than thoughtful by bringing her flowers swiped from a hospital patient. As he leaves her apartment after she tells him goodbye, he tells her to take care of herself. She answers, â€Å"I think I just did.†Ã‚   Friends, Co-Workers, and Assorted Guests From day one in her new home, Mary interacts with neighbors Rhoda and Phyllis. Rhoda, played by Valerie Harper, is another unmarried thirty-something who contributes sarcastic wit and an ongoing search for good dates and a husband. Phyllis, played by Cloris Leachman, is a quirky, self-righteous type, married and raising a strong-willed pre-teen daughter, with unconventional behaviors that touch on many 1960s social issues and political themes, including support of Women’s Liberation. One of The Mary Tyler Moore Show’s writers, Treva Silverman, pointed out that Rhoda’s character arc over the years mirrors the feminism of the Women’s Liberation Movement. She goes from being self-deprecating and insecure to more confident and successful. (Quoted in Women Who Run the Show by Mollie Gregory, New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2002.) Both Rhoda and Phyllis became spinoffs from The Mary Tyler Moore Show.   Other Glimpses of Feminism Over the years, the feminism of The Mary Tyler Moore Show was seen in episodes dealing with equal pay, divorce, â€Å"career vs. family,† sexuality and a woman’s reputation. The real strength of the show was that it realistically portrayed a variety of characters, including women, who were fully defined individuals apart from their encounters with topical issues of the 1970s. Part of what made Mary special was that she was normal: interacting with co-workers and friends, dating, encountering troubles in life, being likable and easygoing. In addition to the successful feminism of The Mary Tyler Moore Show, the program won a then-record number of Emmys and a Peabody Award. The Peabody summary said it â€Å"established the benchmark by which all situation comedies must be judged.† The Mary Tyler Moore Show contributed multiple iconic moments to television history, including Mary’s joyfully free hat toss in the opening credits, and it is remembered as one of the best sitcoms in television history.

Familiarize with and Habituate to

Familiarize with and Habituate to Familiarize with and Habituate to Familiarize with and Habituate to By Maeve Maddox A reader wonders about the usage in the following invitation to a website: Come in, familiarize yourself to our site, ask questions and read our stories. She asks, â€Å"Shouldn’t that be ‘familiarize yourself with our site’?† Yes, the idiom is â€Å"familiarize with.† Since the 1880s at least, the usual preposition to follow familiarize has been with, not to. Here are recent examples of contemporary usage: Employees should take time to familiarize themselves with these policies as a violation of the policies may result in disciplinary action, up to and including removal. All students are expected to familiarize themselves with the following information, available on the York University Senate Academic Standards. If you are a new Intern, you must spend some time at the office (any of the offices will do) to familiarize yourself with the program before going out to the field on a regular basis. I familiarized myself with weather forecasts, wind patterns, and how to avoid being conned out of our money by smugglers. It’s not surprising to find prepositional oddities in hurried comments and on amateur blogs, but it is jarring to find them on academic sites and in printed educational materials: Read the objectives below to familiarize yourself to the material. - Assignment directions on University of Nebraska Medical Center site. Young children with visual impairments can learn techniques to  familiarize themselves to  rooms in their homes and to their classrooms.  - Text published by American Foundation for the Blind. Occupants can  familiarize themselves to  drill procedures, location of fire exits, and the sound of the fire alarm.  - University of New Hampshire fire drill instructions. It is possible that the expression habituate to, which has a similar meaning, has something to do with the prepositional mix-up. habituate  verb: to fix in a habit; to accustom to, familiarize with. Used with to. Here are examples of the correct use of to with habituate: By doing this kind of exercise regularly,  you habituate yourself to  staying in that  state of mind for longer and longer periods and to writing while in it. After a while you cease to see pictures on your wall. Your vision becomes habituated to them. What strategies does Meursault employ to  habituate himself to  life in prison while  he awaits trial? Children become habituated to  the screens easy gratifications. Note: In American usage, habituate is also used as a transitive verb to mean â€Å"to resort to habitually, to frequent.† For example, â€Å"While not playing the horn, he writes software,  habituates coffee shops  and tries to incite political, economic and religious discussions.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:7 Examples of Passive Voice (And How To Fix Them)Empathy "With" or Empathy "For"?40 Idioms with First

US Investment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

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Understanding HR concepts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Understanding HR concepts - Essay Example Evidently, human resource managers use training as a performance appraisal tool, which they conduct either after selection of the employees or during a specific time of the year. Organizations such as Ubisoft initiate a yearly program of performance appraisal as part of their talent development strategy. The value of employee training is an issue that has drawn a lot of controversy within the field of research. Research shows that employee training is a complex and expensive process that demands both time and resources from the organization. Therefore, training increases an organization’s expenses within a year, a feature that has become undesirable for many organizations. During a century of intensive business competition, organizations are experiencing financial constraints and their priority is to minimise any expenses. Some organizations have eliminated their training programs as one way of cutting the costs of production. However, there is evidence that employee training may have a wide range of benefits for an organization. First, training keeps the employees motivated and gives them the zeal to work confidently within their department. Secondly, there is evidence that trained employees have a higher work output and this contributes to an increase in the profit generate d within a year. In addition, employee training helps to develop employee’s talents to help them grow as the organization grows (Bratton & Gold, 2001). This explains why large companies have elaborate training programs that seek to improve the employee performance. However, there are obstacles to employee training programs that the human resource managers must anticipate while implementing performance appraisal. Training may become ineffective when employee have acquired optimal performance and feel that they cannot learn more. In this case, investing in employee training does not improve worker performance. In other cases, the employees may feel

Enterprise Architecture (EA) Enables SDLC Processes Paper Research

Enterprise Architecture (EA) Enables SDLC Processes - Research Paper Example There have been several attempts to define EA in a more precise way but it is clear that finding a common definition that embodies all that EA stands for. According to quote (year) however, the harder this attempt is made, the more divergent opinions come up as to what EA really stands for. For the purpose of the current paper however, a definition that is used by The Enterprise Architecture Body of Knowledge (2013) is adopted, which explains that EA analyses areas of common activity that are found within an organization by exchanging information and other resources to guide future states. EA are also known to be very applicable from an integrated viewpoint in terms of strategy, business and technology (quote). From the definition given about EA, it would be understood that EA emphasizes on the exchange of information. Meanwhile, at the initiation, planning or concept of phase of SDLC, sponsors identify a need or opportunity that they seek to pursue (quote). By incorporating EA, these sponsors will be aided to exchange information with other stakeholders to confirm the viability of the needs or opportunities that they identify (quote). This means that EA helps sponsors not to make bad decisions as to whether they have to carry on the opportunities with other phases of the system development. In effect, EA can help in gathering useful information as to whether the system development should be started in the first place. The requirement analysis phase of any SDLC has been noted to be a resource focused phase as it ends with decisions on the requirements that will be needed in undertaking the whole system development (quote). By extension, a lot of the financial budgeting is done at the requirements analysis phase. With this noted, quote (year) indicated that EA can be used to support the requirements analysis phase by

Toll Road Development in Indonesia

Toll Road Development in Indonesia In Indonesia, road is classified into Public Road and Toll Road. Public road means the road provided for general traffic. Road itself mean land transportation infrastructure that comprises all parts of the road, including the supplementary building along with the equipment thereof dedicated for transportation. Meanwhile the definition of Toll Road in Indonesia is public road that become part of a road network system and as a national road in which the users are required to pay toll Function of Toll Road in Indonesia Based on Law 38/2004 and Government Regulation 15/2005, toll road has position and function described as the following : The toll road is operated to: a. ensures an obstructed traffic in a developed area; b. increases the efficiency and effectiveness of the goods and services distribution service in order to improve the economic development; c. alleviate the financial burden of the Government by means of including the participation of the road user; and d. to improve the equal distribution of the results of development and justice. The toll road shall be managed by the Government and/or a business entity that is qualified to do so. The user of a toll road shall be subjected to a mandatory requirement of paying a fee for the toll to be used as a return of investment, maintenance and development of the toll road. Requirement of Toll Road The toll road shall have a higher specification, higher safety and convenience service levels than those of the existing public roads which have requirement as follows: The toll road used for intercity traffic shall be designed at least eighty (80) kilometers per hour, and a toll road in urban areas shall be designed at a speed plan of at least sixty (60) kilometers per hour. The toll road shall be designed to enable it to hold the heaviest axle of eight (8) tons at the lowest; Each toll road link shall have railings and be served by crossing facilities in the form of bridges of tunnels. The pints which may be dangerous to toll road users shall be equipped with safety structures with the strengths and structures that are able to absorb vehicle crash energy. Economic Function of Toll Road The main principle economic function of toll road is based on achieving economic optimum that can be described as follows : Policy to encourage road network development and its benefits, as well as balanced inter-regional development Ensuring equal distribution of development activities and gains, and equilibrium in area development with due principle of justice, Increasing the efficiency of distribution services for improvement of the economy particularly in the more developed areas Ease the financial burden of the government through road user participation Decreasing congestion in highly growth regions resulting efficient travel times and low vehicle operating costs Concept of Public Private Partnership (PPP) The term of public-private partnership was used first time in the United States to definite correlation between joint public and private sector for educational programs for urban renewal in the 1950s until 1960s(Yescombe 2007). In fact, there is no single or uniformed definition of PPP in the world including in Indonesia. According to Delmon (2009) PPP is defined as an arrangements between public and private entities for delivery of infrastructure services and are seen as a way of raising additional funds for infrastructure investments but more importantly as a means to extend or leverage better budget funding through efficiency gains. In UK, PPP is explained as an arrangement by which a government service or private business venture is funded and operated through a partnership of government and the private sector. (NAO 2009) The term PPP covers a range of different structures which can be used to deliver a project or a service. The term can cover a spectrum from relatively short term management contracts; through concession contracts; to joint ventures and partial privatizations where there is a sharing of ownership between the public and private sectors which depend on the country and the politics of the time. PPP fills a space between traditionally procured government projects with governments budget and full privatization with privates budget, where government no longer has a direct role in ongoing operations. PPP enables to develop projects which do not have enough profitability with revenues only from projects and are not self-sustaining. Under traditional public sector approach, the public sector designs, builds, operates, and maintains infrastructure, and sets level of quantity and standards of service quality, while under privatization approach, the private sector conducts all of these aspects in place of the public sector. Under PPP approach, the public sector is ultimately accountable for service provisions, although the private sector designs, builds, operates There are various characteristics of PPP as follows: PPP is an arrangement between public and private sector. Usually, it takes form of Contract or Agreement. PPP is applied as a method for provision of public services. Public Services in this definition, are not limited to road services. Public sector remains responsible for the project because a PPP project is operated to deliver public services specified by public sectors. PPP often includes investment and construction of facilities by private sectors. But there can be PPP which does not include facility construction. PPP is applied only when it delivers Value for Money. It means adoption of PPP is recommended if it can bring larger benefits to the public compared to other means of project. PPPs can follow a variety of structures and contractual formats. However, all PPPs incorporate three key characteristics: A contractual agreement defining the roles and responsibilities of the parties, Sensible risk-sharing among the public and the private sector partners, and Financial rewards to the private party commensurate with the achievement of pre specified outputs. PPP is one tool available for decision makers in reforming infrastructure or service delivery. It is most effective way when it is accompanied by other reform activities to underpin and reinforce the PPP and to support sustainable improvement. A successful PPP is designed with careful attention to the context or the enabling environment within which the partnership will be implemented. Where the operating environment can be reformed to be more conducive to the goals of PPP, this should be accomplished. Where elements of the operating context cannot be changed, the PPP design must be tailored to accommodate existing conditions. To be successful, PPP must be built upon a sector diagnostic that provides a realistic assessment of the current sector constraints. Specifically, the sector diagnostic will cover: (1) technical issues; (2) legal, regulatory, and policy frameworks; (3) Institutional and capacity status; and (4) Commercial, financial, and economic issues. Objectives of PPP The prime objective of government in using PPP is to achieve improved value for money, or improved services for the same amount of money as the public sector would spend. Besides that, other objective is desiring to provide increased infrastructure provision and services within imposed budgetary constraints by utilizing private sources of finance, if possible, via off balance sheet structures or to accelerate delivery of projects which might otherwise have to be delayed. The Main Principles of PPP According(Agency 2012) in Design, Build, Finance and Operate (DBFO) of Road Project, the main principles of PPP are: a. Transfer of Risk The risk allocation between every stakeholder must be well informed therefore every party both government and private know every risk on staging of toll road development such as design, construction and operation/maintenance, including financing of its project. b. Value for Money The government has authority to determine the economical and financial of project, in using government money and private money or combination both of them. c. Managerial Responsibility Private sector have capability and responsibility to manage, operate and maintain of road project d. Payment for Service For road project that full financed by government, the staging of road development is carried out by Private Sector. The Government has authority to regulate and monitor every progress of its staging. Government will pay the private sector based on performance of project and has right to terminate project if it is needed. e. Partnership The government and private are committed to cooperate in practice to get efficient and effective result. f. Private-sector Innovation By understanding risk factors in road project, the private sector has used innovation for efficiency of road development staging. The Private Sector concept encourages a productive partnership between the public and private sectors, by using private capital and commercial expertise to fund initial construction and long-term maintenance of Private Sector roads in operation year. Investment Concept Regarding (Horngren 1994) investment decisions concerning long-term plan for the use of capital (capital budgeting) consist of six staging process: (1) identification stage, choosing type of investment suitable with organizational objective, (2) search stage, seeking alternative investment capital that can meet the organizational goals, (3) information-acquisition stage, searching data and qualitative and quantitative analysis of various alternative investment capital, (4) selection stage, choosing one capital investments based on financial analysis by the method: discounted cash flow ( net present value (NPV) and internal rate of return (IRR)), payback and accrual accounting rate or return, (5) financing stage and (6) implementation and control stage. Those all concepts shall be directly apply to initial investment concept, including Public Private Partnership Risk Allocation in Public Private Partnership Definition of Risk In term definition, risk is unpredictable variation in value. It includes the possibility of unexpectedly good or unexpectedly bad, outcomes. The risk of a project is unpredictable variation in the total value of the project, taking account not only of the value of the project company but also of the value accruing to customers, the government, and other stakeholders. A stakeholders risk in a project is unpredictable variation in the value of the stakeholders interest in the project. Each risk should be allocated, along with rights to make related decisions, so as to maximize total project value, taking account of each partys ability to(Irwin 2007): 1. Influence the corresponding risk factor. 2. Influence the sensitivity of total project value to the corresponding risk factor, for example, by anticipating or responding to the risk factor. 3. Absorb the risk. Risk in Public Private Partnership The purpose of the risk identification stage on toll road project is to define as extensively as possible, a list with all types and sources of risks and uncertainties that might have an impact on the project. It is a crucial stage for the risk management process, because if a risk cannot be identified, it cannot consequently be evaluated and managed. (Tanaka, et al. 2005) Toll Road project risks should be assigned to the public or private entity that is best at controlling and managing them. In most of the cases, the private sector has taken on risk associated with the design, financing, construction, operation and maintenance of facilities, general regulatory risks as well as cover for insurable force majeure events. On the other hand, the public sector has been responsible for environmental license approvals and other planning permits, right-of-way land acquisition, discriminatory regulatory risk, and uninsurable force majeure events and political risks. Risk Allocation Principles in Public Private Partnership Determination of the Concession obligations in a PPP Agreement need to conform with the risk allocation principles understood by every party . An optimal risk allocation is vital in maximizing the value for money. The common principle for risk allocation is that a risk should be allocated to party which is relatively able to manage the risk, or having the least cost of absorbing such risk. If this principle is implemented properly, it is expected that the risk premium and the project cost would be lower leading to positive impact to the project stakeholders. The implementation examples of such principle in the market are as follow: Risks which have not been managed well in the past, or those which the agency has little experience in managing, should be transferred if cost-effective, particularly where the risk can be influenced by the controlling party; Risks which are outside the control of either party, or are equally influenced by both parties (e.g. certain force majeure events) should be shared; Risks that the government can manage well, or is in a more informed position to control than the private sector (e.g. planning approvals, legislation risks) should be retained; and There may also be some risks that, while transferred, may possibly remain an exposure for the public sector (e.g. risk of sponsor default). If an event cannot be resolved satisfactorily, the government steps in and assumes full responsibility for the risk (or the project as a whole). This is appropriate where the project is delivering critical social infrastructure and associated services. Models of Risk Allocation of Public Private Partnerships One of PPPs benefits is there is possibility to share the possible risk of the project between private sector and government. On one hand, the private sector has the capability to deal with commercial risk, but on the other hand, they need to relief from non-commercial risk that beyond their control (Soedjito 2009). Models of risk allocation in public private partnership is depicted in The common models for public private partnerships are BOT and concession and the difference between these two depends on the level of support provided by the government. Risk Assessment Approaches From a review on the existing methodologies used for the evaluation and assessment of risk in the financial appraisal of projects, two main categories of approaches were identified: qualitative techniques and quantitative techniques. Qualitative Techniques Qualitative techniques have been used for compiling a list of the main risk sources and describing their likely consequences, without entering in details about the quantification of their probability of occurrence. (Merna and Njiru 2002). The next step after all sources of risk are identified is to define some kind of order of priority. On the limited time, risk assessment may be biased towards the use of relatively simple procedures such as qualitative and semi-quantitative techniques (Ward, 1999). Quantitative Techniques Quantitative techniques aim to represent the likelihood and impact of risks in terms of the usual planning measures, such as time and money (Grey, 1995). Two of the most widely used quantitative risk analysis techniques in the financial appraisal of projects are: deterministic analysis techniques and probabilistic analysis techniques (Merna and Njiru, 2002). Sensitivity analysis, as part of deterministic techniques, is probably the most representative approach among the quantitative techniques. Sensitivity analysis examines the effect of changes in the value of the models dependent variable resulting from the changes in the value of one or more of the input variables to the model. The most popular form of sensitivity analysis is the one-factor-at-the time approach, wherein the main advantage is that it allows interpretation of the results in an easily understandable way. Another form of sensitivity analysis is the scenario analysis, which recalculates the model for a combination of simultaneous changes in the input variables (Van Groenendaal and Kleijnen, 1997). Frequently, three types of scenarios are distinguished: an optimistic case, a base case, and a pessimistic case. Some of the major shortcomings of using sensitivity analysis are: 1. Equal probability of occurrence is given to all scenarios (despite the likelihood of getting some scenarios with extreme values is lower); 2. Possible inter-dependencies between the variables are ignored; 3. In big projects with many items/activities, a combination of all variables can create a too large set of scenarios. Implementation of Public Private Partnership (PPP) in Indonesia Indonesian government through Ministry of Public Works based on Decree of Minister of Public Work number 567/KPTS/M/2010 operated 757.47 km and plans 4618 km of toll roads as part of the national road network divided in 5 major islands in Indonesia (see ) In the implementation of toll road development in Indonesia, there were some periods due to regulations and legislation in valid at that period of time as follows: First Period (1978 1983), Fully financed by Government funds (Government Equity). Second Period (1983 1990), Subsidiary Loan Agreement (SLA) to PT Jasa Marga (two step loan), State Own Enterprise for toll road development. Third Period (1990 1994), Cooperation with private sector using BOT scheme. Fourth Period (1994 2005), Modified BOT scheme (i.e., revenue sharing concept, land acquisition cost is part of investment cost borned by the investor). Fifth Period (2005 present), using Build Operate Transfer (BOT)/ PPP Scheme Law and Regulation for Public Private Partnership of Toll Road in Indonesia After regulatory reform with the Road Law No.38/2004 and Toll Road Government Regulation No.15/2005 allow the development of toll roads through public private partnership, including domestic and international investor. Main regulatory framework for toll roads includes law, regulations, and decrees are presented as follows: Law No. 38 of 2004 concerning Road Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia No.15 of 2005 concerning Toll Road Regulation of Minister of Public Works No. 295/PRT/M/2005 Concerning Indonesia Toll Road Authority Public Work Ministerial Decree No. 369/KPTS/M/2005 on National Road Network Master Plan to include toll road network master plan Presidential Decree No. 36/2005 on Land Acquisition for Public Purpose Presidential Decree No.67/2005 on PPP Between Government and Enterprises on Infrastructure Provision Finance Ministerial Decree No.518/KMK.01/2005 on Risk Management Unit Decree of Minister of Public Work number 567/KPTS/M/2010 on Status of Toll Road in Indonesia Implementation Framework on Toll Road Project in Indonesia According to the Road Law No.38 of 2004 concerning Road and the Government Regulation No.15 of 2005 concerning Toll Road, roles and institutional framework of toll road project are defined as showed in and Figure 2.. Government of Indonesia set up Indonesia Toll Road Authority (BPJT) which has authority for preparing feasibility study, Environmental Impact Analysis (EIA), bidding documents and selecting private concessionaires. Indonesia Toll Road Authority also has duty to implement a part of toll road management in Indonesia such as set toll road concession, commercialization of toll roads, supervision of toll roads including monitoring and evaluation in Indonesia. This authority is also to deliver Public Private Partnership scheme in toll road investment. Toll Road Investment Procedure in Indonesia Procedure of toll road investment, from project preparation through sign of concession agreement, is shown in . The whole process take approximately 24 months (2 years). Then, it is followed by implementing the agreement through the whole period in accordance with the concession period agreed which vary 30 to 40 years depend on the project condition and project by project basis. AGREEMENT IMPLEMENTATION (ÂÂ ± 14 months) (ÂÂ ± 4-6 months) PREPARE PQ DOCUMENT SUBMIT PQ DOCUMENT PREPARE BID PROPOSAL SUBMIT BID PROPOSAL BID BOND RECEIVE NOTICE AWARD PRIVATE SECTOR SIGN CONTRACT PERFORMANCE BOND, LAND ACQUISITION COST, FINANCIAL CLOSURE BID CONFERENCE-BID PREPARATION PQ AND BID INVITATION PREQUALIFICATION OF BIDDER RECEIPT AND OPENING BID PROJECT PREPARATION EVALUATION OF BID APOINTMENT OF SUCCESFUL BIDDER CONSESSION AGREEMENT BPJT/GOVERMENT PREPARE SPECIAL PURPOSE VEHICLE Figure 2. Toll Road Investment Procedure (source: BPJT 2010) Existing PPP Model of Toll Road Project in Indonesia There are 3 (three) models that can be applied under the PPP scheme in Indonesia, depend on the economic and financial viability of the projects (Karsaman 2008). These models are shown in Figure 2. Scheme 1, where the economic viability of the toll road is good but its financial viability poor, the government take over the finance and construction of the toll road, but when it has been finished, then it will tendering for its operating maintaining to private sector. This has been applied in Tanjung Priok Access Road, Jakarta and Suramadu Bridge, East Java. Scheme 2, where the economic viability of the toll road is good but its financial viability is marginal, the Government can support Land Acquisition and partly construction cost and the private sector has to finance and constructing other part and then operate and maintain the toll road. This scheme is applied in Solo-Ngawi-Kertosono Toll Road (Central Java and East Java) case and might be applied in other links. Scheme 3, where the economic and financial viabilities of the toll road are good, the private sector has to finance and constructing all of the road and then operate and maintain it through the concession period. This scheme is applied in most of the toll road development in general. Financial Feasibility of Toll Road Investment Indikator Kelayakan yang akan dipergunakan dalam studi ini, adalah : 1. Net Present Value (NPV) Net Present Value adalah selisih antara Present Value Benefit dikurangi dengan Present Value Cost. Hasil NPV dari suatu proyek yang dikatakan layak secara finansial adalah yang menghasilkan nilai NPV bernilai positif. Dalam hal ini semua rencana akan dilaksanakan apabila NPV > 0, atau persamaan di atas memenuhi : Net Present Value (NPV) = PVBenefit PVCost = positif Hal tersebut berarti bahwa pembangunan konstruksi jalan akan memberikan keuntungan, dimana benefit/ cash flow positif akan lebih besar dari pada cost/ cash flow negatif. 2. Internal Rate of Return (IRR) 3. Payback Ratio Rasio DSCR Public private partnership (PPP) are a generic term for the relationships formed between the private sector and public bodies often with the aim of introducing private sector resources and/or expertise in order to help provide and deliver public sector assets and services. The term PPP is used to describe a wide variety of working arrangements from loose, informal and strategic partnerships to design-build finance- operate (Private Sector) type service contracts and formal joint venture companies. (4Ps, UK local government procurement agency) In general, the basic concept of toll road development and management are as follows.1 The Government establishes Master Plan of Toll Road Network as a guidance of toll road development, while the toll road links will be determined by the Minister. Government holds authority of toll road development, where as parts of the authority concerning toll road business are being executed by Indonesia Toll Road Authority BPJT (Task and authorities of BPJT are described in Minister of Public Works Regulation No.295/PRT/M/2005.) Toll road business can be financed by the Government and/or qualified business entity. Financing by Government is for the toll road links that economically feasible, but not financially feasible. Financing by business entity is for toll road links which are both economically and financially feasible. Under particular conditions, where the toll road can not be developed by business entities, the Government will take proper action in accordance with the authorities. Initial tariff will be established by Minister as stated in concession agreement. The tariff will be adjusted every two years based on inflation index, an determined by the Minister. Procurement of either part of all aspects of toll road operation will be done through an open and transparent tender process. Land acquisition is responsibility of the Government, however its budget can be provided by Government and/or business entity.